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5a: Compare how humans and computers understand and carry out instructions
Keyword
Definition
algorithm
step by step instructions to solve a problem (with or without a computer)
ambiguous
not completely clear (with more than one possible meaning)
computer
a combination of hardware and software which can run programs and process data
execute
to run a command or follow an instruction
instruction
a command that can be followed
program
step by step instructions that can be executed on a computer
unambiguous
completely clear (with only one possible meaning)
5b: Recognise that computers follow the control flow of input/process/output
Keyword
Definition
computer
combination of hardware and software that can run programs and process data
control flow
the stages of how data goes into a computer, is processed and then comes out as information
input
data that goes into a computer from another device or sensor
output
information that comes out of a computer system into the real world or another device
process
calculations that are performed on data to turn it into useful information
5c: Define a sequence
Keyword
Definition
algorithm
step by step instructions to solve a problem (which doesn't have to be followed by just by a computer)
execute
to run a program or follow an instruction
instruction
an individual command that can be executed by a computer
program
an algorithm that can be run on a computer
sequence
a list of more than one instruction that can be carried out in a specific order
5d: Predict the outcome of a simple sequence
Keyword
Definition
input
the data that goes into a program (e.g. what the user types in)
output
the end result of running a program (the information it displays or stores at the when it runs)
predict
estimate what a program will do
process
the calculations that a program performs when it runs
sequence
a list of more than one instruction that can be executed in a specific order
5e: Modify a sequence
Keyword
Definition
Actual result
what an algorithm actually does
Algorithm
step by step instructions to solve a problem
Desired result
what you want an algorithm to do
Logic error
when the actual result of an algorithm doesn't match the desired result (it doesn't do what you want it to do)
Modify
make changes to a sequence of instructions so that they will do something differently
Order
the arrangement in which instructions are executed (from first to last)
Sequence
more than one instruction that will be executed in a specific order
5f: Define a variable
Keyword
Definition
data type
whether the variable stores a number, some text or any other type of data
identifier
the name of a variable (e.g. score)
value
the data that is stored in a variable (e.g. 100)
variable
a name that refers to data being held by the computer (a storage location in a computer with a name that you can use to change or see what's stored there)
5g: Predict the outcome of a simple sequence that includes variables
Keyword
Definition
identifier
the name of a variable
outcome
the end result of running a program
predict
trace through an algorithm to work out what it would do if you were to run it as a program
sequence
more than one instruction that will be run in a specific order
value
the data that is stored in a variable
variable
a named memory location in a computer which is used to store a value
5h: Trace variables within a sequence
Keyword
Definition
input
the data going into a program
output
the end result of a program which is sent out to the user or a different device
process
calculations that are performed on data to turn it into useful information
sequence
more than one instruction which will be executed in a specific order when a program runs
trace
working out exactly what each instruction in a sequence of instructions will do by going through each one in order and seeing what would happen at each stage
variable
a named location in memory which stores a value. The name stays the same but the value might change when a program runs.
5i: Make a sequence that includes a variable
Keyword
Definition
assign
set or change the value of a variable
decrement
decrease the value of a variable by one
identifier
the name of a variable
increment
increase the value of a variable by one
sequence
more than one instruction that will be executed in a specific order when a program runs
value
the data that is stored in a variable
variable
a named location in memory that can store a value. The value might change when a program runs but the name stays the same.
5j: Define a condition
Keyword
Definition
boolean expression
a question with an answer of either true or false
boolean value
either true or false
condition
an expression that will be evaluated as either true or false
evaluate
replacing variables with their values and performing all operations necessary until you're left with a single value
expression
values and or variables combined using operators or functions
function
named section of code which processes an input and returns an output. e.g. average(1,2,3) is a function which returns the average value (2) of the input (1, 2 and 3)
operator
a symbol that performs an operation such as + (add) or - (subtract)
5k: Identify that selection uses conditions to control the flow of a sequence
Keyword
Definition
condition
an expression that will be evaluated as either true or false
flow
the order in which instructions are executed
selection
when an algorithm has to make a choice about what to execute next
sequence
more than one instruction which will be executed in a specific order
5l: Identify where selection statements can be used in a program
Keyword
Definition
else
selection statement that will execute a different block of code if a condition has not been met
if
selection statement that will only execute a block of code if a condition has been met
program
step by step instructions to solve a problem that can be run on a computer
repeat until
selection statement that will cause a block of code to keep executing until a condition is met
selection statement
instruction that tells a program to make a decision about what to do next
while
selection statement that will cause a block of code to keep executing as long as a condition is met
5m: Modify a program to include selection
Keyword
Definition
condition
an expression that will be evaluated as either true or false
expression
values and or variables combined using operators or functions
function
named section of code which processes an input and returns an output. e.g. average(1,2,3) is a function which returns the average value (2) of the input (1, 2 and 3)
modify
change a program
operator
a symbol that performs an operation such as + (add) or - (subtract)
program
step by step instructions that can be executed on a computer
selection
when a program has to make a choice about what to execute next based on a condition
5n: Create expressions that use arithmetic operators (+ - / *)
Keyword
Definition
-
arithmetic operator which performs subtraction
*
arithmetic operator which performs mutliplication
/
arithmetic operator which performs division
+
arithmetic operator which performs addition
arithmetic operator
a mathematical operator which can perform addition, subtraction, division or multiplication
expression
values and or variables combined using operators or functions
function
named section of code which processes an input and returns an output. e.g. average(1,2,3) is a function which returns the average value (2) of the input (1, 2 and 3)
operator
a symbol that performs an operation such as > (greater than) or - (subtract)
5o: Create conditions that use comparison operators (>,<,=)
Keyword
Definition
<
comparison operator which checks if the first value is less than the second value
=
comparison operator which checks if two values are the same as each other
>
comparison operator which checks if the first value is greater than the second value
comparison operator
a type of operator which compares two values
operator
a symbol that performs an operation such as + (add) or - (subtract)
5p: Create conditions that use logic operators (and/or/not)
Keyword
Definition
AND
logic operator which combines two conditions. The result will only be true if both conditions evaluate to true
condition
an expression that will be evaluated as either true or false
evaluate
replacing variables with their values and performing all operations necessary until you're left with a single value
expression
values and or variables combined using operators or functions
logic operator
a type of operator that can combine or change conditions using AND, OR or NOT
NOT
logic operator which inverts a condition so it becomes the opposite of its original value (true becomes false and false becomes true)
OR
logic operator which combines two conditions. The result will be true if either or both condition evaluate to true
6a: Define iteration
Keyword
Definition
executed
making an instruction happen when you run a program
for loop
a type of iteration which repeats a set of instructions a certain number of times
instructions
commands that are executed by a computer when a program runs
iteration
executing a group of instructions repeatedly
while loop
a type of iteration which repeats a set of instructions as long as a condition is met
6b: Detect and correct errors in a program (debugging)
Keyword
Definition
algorithm
step by step instructions which describes how to solve a problem (which may or may not be able to run on a computer)
bug
a problem with code which makes the program not work as it should
debug
finding and fixing errors in code to make the program work properly
program
an algorithm that is entered into a computer so that it can be executed
trace
stepping through each line of code to see what happens
variable
a named location in memory which stores a value. The value can change when the program runs but the name stays the same.
6c: Identify where count-controlled iteration can be used in a program
Keyword
Definition
count controlled iteration
repeatedly executing a set of instructions a certain number of times
execute
making code run on a computer
increment
increasing the value stored in a variable by 1
program
an algorithm that has been turned into code so it can be run on a computer
6d: Implement iteration in a program (count-controlled and condition-controlled)
Keyword
Definition
condition controlled
a type of iteration which makes a set of instructions execute repeatedly until a condition is met
count controlled
a type of iteration which makes a set of instructions execute a certain number of times
instructions
blocks or lines of code which can be executed in a program
iteration
repeatedly executing a set of instructions
program
an algorithm which has been turned into code that can be executed on a computer
6e: Design a sequence that includes variables (write an algorithm)
Keyword
Definition
algorithm
step by step instructions to solve a problem (with or without a computer)
assignment
setting the value stored in a variable
identifier
the name of a variable
sequence
more than one instruction that are executed in a specific order
value
the data stored in a variable
variable
a storage location in memory that has been given a name. The memory can store a value which can change when a program runs.
6f: Define a subroutine
Keyword
Definition
call
the instruction to actually make a subroutine execute
definition
the code which tells the program what to do when a subroutine is executed
parameters
the data going into a subroutine that can be used to customise what it does or how it works
subroutine
a custom block of code which can be re-used and given a name to simplify larger programs
6g: Define decomposition
Keyword
Definition
abstraction
hiding parts of a problem to focus on the most important details to solve part of a problem
decomposition
breaking down a problem into smaller, more manageable subproblems
problem
the thing that a program is trying to achieve when it runs
subproblem
a smaller part of what a program is trying to achieve when it runs
subroutine
an example of decomposition where a large program has been broken down into smaller reusable sections of code
6h: Decompose a larger problem into smaller subproblems
Keyword
Definition
abstraction
after you have decomposed a problem into smaller parts you can ignore the details from other subproblems to focus on one subproblem at a time
decompose
breaking down what you want to achieve with code into smaller sections that are each simpler to solve
subroutine
custom blocks of code that can be reused to allow a larged problem to be broken down into smaller subproblems
6i: Identify how subroutines can be used for decomposition
Keyword
Definition
decomposition
breaking down a larger problem into smaller subproblems, each of which are easier to solve than the overall problem.
parameters
data that is sent into a subroutine to customise how it works
subroutine
a custom block of code which can be reused and given a name to help simplify and decompose a larger program
subroutine call
the part of the code that tells the program to actually execute the subroutine
subroutine definition
the part of the code that tells the program what to do when the subroutine is executed
6j: Identify where condition-controlled iteration can be used in a program
Keyword
Definition
condition
an expression which results in an answer of either true or false
condition controlled
a type of iteration which executes a set of instructions repeatedly until a condition is met
identify
write down or point out
iteration
repeatedly executing instructions
program
an algorithm which has been turned into code which can be executed on a computer
6k: Evaluate which type of iteration is required in a program
Keyword
Definition
condition controlled
a type of iteration which runs a set of instructions until a condition is met
count controlled
a type of iteration which runs a set of instructions a specific number of times
evaluate
look at the strengths and weaknesses of all the possibilities decide which is most suitable
iteration
repeatedly executing instructions
program
an algorithm which has been turned into code that can be run on a computer
6l: Define a list
Keyword
Definition
index
the position of any data stored in a list (where 0 mean the first item in the list)
list
a collection of related elements that are referred to by a single variable name
value
the data stored in a list
variable name
the identifier that can be used to refer to all values stored in a list
6m: Describe the need for lists
Keyword
Definition
add
putting a new value into a list
index
the position in a list to look at or change
iterate
going through each value stored in a list to search for or process data
list
a data structure which can store more than one value in a specific order
lookup
getting a value from a list at a specific index
modify
changing a value stored in a list
remove
deleting a value from a list
search
finding data by iterating through each value stored in a list and checking if it matches what you're looking for
sort
arranging the values stored in a list so that they are in order
6n: Identify when lists can be used in a program
Keyword
Definition
individual value
a single piece of data which can be stored in a variable
list
a data structure which can store more than one value on a specific order
multiple values
more than one piece of data which can be stored in a list
variable
a named location in memory that can be used to store a value or a list of values which might change when a program runs
6o: Implement a list
Keyword
Definition
index
the position within a list that tells the program which value to look at or change
length
the number of values stored in a list
list
a data structure which can store more than one value in a specific order
name
the identifier of a list which should describe the data that it stores
